The water balance of Lake Victoria
نویسندگان
چکیده
This paper presents new calculations of Lake Victoria's water balance. Evaporation is estimated using both the Penman formula and the energy balance approach, and sensitivity studies are performed to determine the influence of input data on the estimates. Rainfall over the lake is estimated from catchment rainfall using a relationship between the two that was derived using satellite data. The results, using the reference period 1956-1978, indicate that mean annual rainfall over the lake is 1791 mm, compared to mean annual evaporation of 1551 mm. When compared with lake level changes, tributary inflow, and discharge during this period, there is a resultant imbalance of 19 mm. Adding this amount to the calculated evaporation, we are able to reproduce with great accuracy the lake level changes during the period 1956-1978 utilizing precipitation estimates of this study plus measured inflow and discharge. Sensitivity studies show that the discrepancy in the balance of 19 mm is considerably smaller than the error in evaporation calculations that can be introduced by uncertainties in the input data. Of particular concern is cloudiness. The diurnal cycle of cloudiness is quite different over the lake than at shoreline stations and the total cloud cover over the lake is probably lower than at these stations. A change from 50% cloudiness to 30% can increase evaporation by about 30%. Thus, this study underscores the need for adequate cloud data, sufficient to resolve the diurnal cycle, as well as direct estimates of lake rainfall in assessing the lake's water balance. Le bilan hydrologique du Lac Victoria Résumé Ce papier présente de nouveaux calculs du bilan hydrologique du Lac Victoria. L'évaporation est estimée par la formule de Penman et la méthode du bilan énergétique. Une étude de sensibilité a été entreprise pour déterminer l'influence des données d'entrée sur les estimations. Les précipitations sur le lac ont été calculées à partir de données satellitaires utilisant une relation établie entre la pluie sur le lac et celle du bassin versant. Les résultats, basés sur une période de référence allant de 1956 à 1978, indiquent que la moyenne des précipitations annuelles sur le lac est égale à 1791 mm, comparée à une moyenne annuelle de l'évaporation égale à 1551 mm. Une comparaison avec les modifications du niveau du lac, les écoulements et débits pendant cette période indique un surplus de 19 mm. Lorsque cette hauteur est ajoutée à l'évaporation calculée, on arrive à reproduire très exactement les fluctuations du lac de 1956 à 1978, en utilisant les précipitations estimées sur le lac ainsi que les débits et les écoulements mesurés. Les études de sensibilité montrent que l'erreur de 19 mm sur le bilan hydrologique est nettement inférieure à celle induite dans les calculs de l'évaporation en raison des incertitudes sur les données d'entrée. La nébulosité reste un problème majeur car son cycle diurne est sensiblement différent sur le lac et sur les stations côtières, la nébulosité totale sur le lac étant probablement inférieure à celle des stations côtières. Le passage de 50 à 30% de la nébulosité peut augmenter l'évaporation de 30%. Cette étude démontre donc que pour établir un bon bilan hydrologique il est nécessaire d'obtenir des données fiables sur la nébulosité, qui soient suffisantes pour évaluer le cycle journalier, ainsi qu'une évaluation directe des précipitations sur le lac.
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